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Koios API by MICHAEL DOGALI

★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ 4.7 - (3) Reviews - Created on April 07, 2024
Last updated on August 19, 2024 Engagement: Over 90 Conversations

Cardano API provider

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MICHAEL DOGALI View Author GPTs
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Prompt Starters

  • What's the current tip?
  • What's the latest block on chain?
  • Show me the details about the most recent block on the blockchain, as well as a list of the transactions it contains and the pertinent information.
  • Please provide a Python script that utilises the Koios API to check the most recent block on the blockchain every 5 seconds? The script would consist of identifying the transactions and associated information within the latest block. I would like the output to use the pretty print style.
  • What is the endpoint list I can use?
  • Where can I find the Koios documentation?

Features and Functions

  • Koios API Koios is best described as a Decentralized and Elastic RESTful query layer for exploring data on Cardano blockchain to consume within applications/wallets/explorers/etc. This page not only provides an OpenAPI Spec for live implementation, but also ability to execute live demo from client browser against each endpoint with pre-filled examples. # API Usage The endpoints served by Koios can be browsed from the left side bar of this site. You will find that almost each endpoint has an example that you can `Try` and will help you get an example in shell using cURL. For public queries, you do not need to register yourself - you can simply use them as per the examples provided on individual endpoints. But in addition, the [PostgREST API](https://postgrest.org/en/stable/api.html) used underneath provides a handful of features that can be quite handy for you to improve your queries to directly grab very specific information pertinent to your calls, reducing data you download and process. ## Vertical Filtering Instead of returning entire row, you can elect which rows you would like to fetch from the endpoint by using the `select` parameter with corresponding columns separated by commas. See example below (first is complete information for tip, while second command gives us 3 columns we are interested in):

    ``` bash curl "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/tip" # [{"hash":"4d44c8a453e677f933c3df42ebcf2fe45987c41268b9cfc9b42ae305e8c3d99a","epoch":317,"abs_slot":51700871,"epoch_slot":120071,"block_height":6806994,"block_time":1643267162}] curl "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?select=epoch,epoch_slot,block_height" # [{"epoch":317,"epoch_slot":120071,"block_height":6806994}] ``` ## Horizontal Filtering You can filter the returned output based on specific conditions using operators against a column within returned result. Consider an example where you would want to query blocks minted in first 3 minutes of epoch 250 (i.e. epoch_slot was less than 180). To do so your query would look like below:

    ``` bash curl "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?epoch=eq.250&epoch_slot=lt.180" # [{"hash":"8fad2808ac6b37064a0fa69f6fe065807703d5235a57442647bbcdba1c02faf8","epoch":250,"abs_slot":22636942,"epoch_slot":142,"block_height":5385757,"block_time":1614203233,"tx_count":65,"vrf_key":"vrf_vk14y9pjprzlsjvjt66mv5u7w7292sxp3kn4ewhss45ayjga5vurgaqhqknuu","pool":null,"op_cert_counter":2}, # {"hash":"9d33b02badaedc0dedd0d59f3e0411e5fb4ac94217fb5ee86719e8463c570e16","epoch":250,"abs_slot":22636800,"epoch_slot":0,"block_height":5385756,"block_time":1614203091,"tx_count":10,"vrf_key":"vrf_vk1dkfsejw3h2k7tnguwrauqfwnxa7wj3nkp3yw2yw3400c4nlkluwqzwvka6","pool":null,"op_cert_counter":2}] ``` Here, we made use of `eq.` operator to denote a filter of "value equal to" against `epoch` column. Similarly, we added a filter using `lt.` operator to denote a filter of "values lower than" against `epoch_slot` column. You can find a complete list of operators supported in PostgREST documentation (commonly used ones extracted below): |Abbreviation|In PostgreSQL|Meaning | |------------|-------------|-------------------------------------------| |eq |`=` |equals | |gt |`>` |greater than | |gte |`>=` |greater than or equal | |lt |`<` |less than | |lte |`<=` |less than or equal | |neq |`<>` or `!=` |not equal | |like |`LIKE` |LIKE operator (use * in place of %) | |in |`IN` |one of a list of values, e.g. `?a=in.("hi,there","yes,you")`| |is |`IS` |checking for exact equality (null,true,false,unknown)| |cs |`@>` |contains e.g. `?tags=cs.{example, new}` | |cd |`<@` |contained in e.g. `?values=cd.{1,2,3}` | |not |`NOT` |negates another operator | |or |`OR` |logical `OR` operator | |and |`AND` |logical `AND` operator | ## Pagination (offset/limit) When you query any endpoint in PostgREST, the number of observations returned will be limited to a maximum of 1000 rows (set via `max-rows` config option in the `grest.conf` file. This - however - is a result of a paginated call, wherein the [ up to ] 1000 records you see without any parameters is the first page. If you want to see the next 1000 results, you can always append `offset=1000` to view the next set of results. But what if 1000 is too high for your use-case and you want smaller page? Well, you can specify a smaller limit using parameter `limit`, which will see shortly in an example below. The obvious question at this point that would cross your mind is - how do I know if I need to offset and what range I am querying? This is where headers come in to your aid. The default headers returned by PostgREST will include a `Content-Range` field giving a range of observations returned. For large tables, this range could include a wildcard `*` as it is expensive to query exact count of observations from endpoint. But if you would like to get an estimate count without overloading servers, PostgREST can utilise Postgres's own maintenance thread results (which maintain stats for each table) to provide you a count, by specifying a header `"Preferred: count=estimated"`. Sounds confusing? Let's see this in practice, to hopefully make it easier. Consider a simple case where I want query `blocks` endpoint for `block_height` column and focus on `content-range` header to monitor the rows we discussed above.

    ``` bash curl -s "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?select=block_height" -I | grep -i content-range # content-range: 0-999/* ``` As we can see above, the number of observations returned was 1000 (range being 0-999), but the total size was not queried to avoid wait times. Now, let's modify this default behaviour to query rows beyond the first 999, but this time - also add another clause to limit results by 500. We can do this using `offset=1000` and `limit=500` as below:

    ``` bash curl -s "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?select=block_height&offset=1000&limit=500" -I | grep -i content-range # content-range: 1000-1499/* ``` For GET endpoints, there is also another method to achieve the above, instead of adding parameters to the URL itself, you can specify a `Range` header as below to achieve something similar:

    ``` bash curl -s "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?select=block_height" -H "Range: 1000-1499" -I | grep -i content-range # content-range: 1000-1499/* ``` The above methods for pagination are very useful to keep your queries light as well as process the output in smaller pages, making better use of your resources and respecting server timeouts for response times. ## Ordering You can set a sorting order for returned queries against specific column(s). Consider example where you want to check `epoch` and `epoch_slot` for the first 5 blocks created by a particular pool, i.e. you can set order to ascending based on block_height column and add horizontal filter for that pool ID as below:

    ``` bash curl -s "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?pool=eq.pool155efqn9xpcf73pphkk88cmlkdwx4ulkg606tne970qswczg3asc&order=block_height.asc&limit=5" # [{"hash":"610b4c7bbebeeb212bd002885048cc33154ba29f39919d62a3d96de05d315706","epoch":236,"abs_slot":16594295,"epoch_slot":5495,"block_height":5086774,"block_time":1608160586,"tx_count":1,"vrf_key":"vrf_vk18x0e7dx8j37gdxftnn8ru6jcxs7n6acdazc4ykeda2ygjwg9a7ls7ns699","pool":"pool155efqn9xpcf73pphkk88cmlkdwx4ulkg606tne970qswczg3asc","op_cert_counter":1}, # {"hash":"d93d1db5275329ab695d30c06a35124038d8d9af64fc2b0aa082b8aa43da4164","epoch":236,"abs_slot":16597729,"epoch_slot":8929,"block_height":5086944,"block_time":1608164020,"tx_count":7,"vrf_key":"vrf_vk18x0e7dx8j37gdxftnn8ru6jcxs7n6acdazc4ykeda2ygjwg9a7ls7ns699","pool":"pool155efqn9xpcf73pphkk88cmlkdwx4ulkg606tne970qswczg3asc","op_cert_counter":1}, # {"hash":"dc9496eae64294b46f07eb20499ae6dae4d81fdc67c63c354397db91bda1ee55","epoch":236,"abs_slot":16598058,"epoch_slot":9258,"block_height":5086962,"block_time":1608164349,"tx_count":1,"vrf_key":"vrf_vk18x0e7dx8j37gdxftnn8ru6jcxs7n6acdazc4ykeda2ygjwg9a7ls7ns699","pool":"pool155efqn9xpcf73pphkk88cmlkdwx4ulkg606tne970qswczg3asc","op_cert_counter":1}, # {"hash":"6ebc7b734c513bc19290d96ca573a09cac9503c5a349dd9892b9ab43f917f9bd","epoch":236,"abs_slot":16601491,"epoch_slot":12691,"block_height":5087097,"block_time":1608167782,"tx_count":0,"vrf_key":"vrf_vk18x0e7dx8j37gdxftnn8ru6jcxs7n6acdazc4ykeda2ygjwg9a7ls7ns699","pool":"pool155efqn9xpcf73pphkk88cmlkdwx4ulkg606tne970qswczg3asc","op_cert_counter":1}, # {"hash":"2eac97548829fc312858bc56a40f7ce3bf9b0ca27ee8530283ccebb3963de1c0","epoch":236,"abs_slot":16602308,"epoch_slot":13508,"block_height":5087136,"block_time":1608168599,"tx_count":1,"vrf_key":"vrf_vk18x0e7dx8j37gdxftnn8ru6jcxs7n6acdazc4ykeda2ygjwg9a7ls7ns699","pool":"pool155efqn9xpcf73pphkk88cmlkdwx4ulkg606tne970qswczg3asc","op_cert_counter":1}] ``` ## Response Formats You can get the results from the PostgREST endpoints in CSV or JSON formats. The default response format will always be JSON, but if you'd like to switch, you can do so by specifying header `'Accept: text/csv'` or `'Accept: application/json'`. Below is an example of JSON/CSV output making use of above to print first in JSON (default), and then override response format to CSV.

    ``` bash curl -s "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?select=epoch,epoch_slot,block_time&limit=3" # [{"epoch":318,"epoch_slot":27867,"block_time":1643606958}, # {"epoch":318,"epoch_slot":27841,"block_time":1643606932}, # {"epoch":318,"epoch_slot":27839,"block_time":1643606930}] curl -s "https://api.koios.rest/api/v1/blocks?select=epoch,epoch_slot,block_time&limit=3" -H "Accept: text/csv" # epoch,epoch_slot,block_time # 318,28491,1643607582 # 318,28479,1643607570 # 318,28406,1643607497 ``` ## Limits While use of Koios is completely free and there are no registration requirements to the usage, the monitoring layer will only restrict spam requests that can potentially cause high amount of load to backends. The emphasis is on using list of objects first, and then [bulk where available] query specific objects to drill down where possible - which forms higher performance results to consumer as well as instance provider. Some basic protection against patterns that could cause unexpected resource spikes are protected as per below: - Burst Limit: A single IP can query an endpoint up to 100 times within 10 seconds (that's about 8.64 million requests within a day). The sleep time if a limit is crossed is minimal (60 seconds) for that IP - during which, the monitoring layer will return HTTP Status `429 - Too many requests`. - Pagination/Limits: Any query results fetched will be paginated by 1000 records (you can reduce limit and or control pagination offsets on URL itself, see API > Pagination section for more details). - Query timeout: If a query from server takes more than 30 seconds, it will return a HTTP Status of `504 - Gateway timeout`. This is because we would want to ensure you're using the queries optimally, and more often than not - it would indicate that particular endpoint is not optimised (or the network connectivity is not optimal between servers). Yet, there may be cases where the above restrictions may need exceptions (for example, an explorer or a wallet might need more connections than above - going beyond the Burst Limit). For such cases, it is best to approach the team and we can work towards a solution. # Authentication While Koios public tier remains unauthenticated and allows queries without any authentication, it has low limits to prevent actions against an erroraneous query/loop from a consumer. There is also a Free tier which requires setting up Bearer Auth token that is linked to the owner's wallet account (which can be connected to via [Koios website](https://koios.rest/pricing/Pricing.html) ). The examples across this API site already [supports authentication](/#auth), for you to use in the queries. # Community projects A big thank you to the following projects who are already starting to use Koios from early days. A list of tools, libraries and projects utilising Koios (atleast those who'd like to be named) can be found [here](https://www.koios.rest/community.html)
  • Action:Koios API > Query Chain Tip getChainTip(/tip): Get the tip info about the latest block seen by chain
  • Action:Koios API > Get Genesis info getChainGenesis(/genesis): Get the Genesis parameters used to start specific era on chain
  • Action:Koios API > Get historical tokenomic stats getChainTotals(/totals): Get the circulating utxo, treasury, rewards, supply, and reserves in lovelace for the specified epoch. Returns data for all epochs if the epoch number is not provided. :param _epoch_no:
  • Action:Koios API > Param Update Proposals getChainParamUpdates(/param_updates): Get all parameter update proposals submitted to the chain starting Shelley era
  • Action:Koios API > Reserve Withdrawals getChainReserveWithdrawals(/reserve_withdrawals): List of all withdrawals from reserves against stake accounts :param epoch_no: :param limit:
  • Action:Koios API > Treasury Withdrawals getChainTreasuryWithdrawals(/treasury_withdrawals): List of all withdrawals from treasury against stake accounts :param epoch_no: :param limit:
  • Action:Koios API > Epoch Information getChainEpochInfo(/epoch_info): Get the epoch information, all epochs if no epoch specified :param _epoch_no: :param include_next_epoch:
  • Action:Koios API > Epoch's Protocol Parameters getChainEpochParams(/epoch_params): Get the protocol parameters for specific epoch, returns information about all epochs if no epoch specified :param _epoch_no:
  • Action:Koios API > Epoch's Block Protocols getChainEpochBlockProtocols(/epoch_block_protocols): Get the information about block protocol distribution in epoch :param _epoch_no:
  • Action:Koios API > Block List getChainBlocks(/blocks): Get summarised details about all blocks (paginated - latest first) :param epoch_no: :param limit:
  • Action:Koios API > Transaction Metadata Labels getChainTxMetaLabels(/tx_metalabels): Get a list of all transaction metalabels
  • Action:Koios API > Account List getChainAccountList(/account_list): Get a list of all stake addresses that have atleast 1 transaction
  • Action:Koios API > Account Txs getChainAccountTxs(/account_txs): Get a list of all Txs for a given stake address (account) :param _stake_address: :param _after_block_height:
  • Action:Koios API > Asset List getChainAssetList(/asset_list): Get the list of all native assets (paginated)
  • Action:TimeZoneDB API > Convert a timestamp from one time zone to another convertTimeZone(/convert-time-zone): Converts the specified Unix timestamp from the source time zone to the destination time zone. :param format: :param from: :param to: :param time:
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